Understanding & Managing Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Understanding & Managing Organisations - Essay Example Understanding and Managing Organisations As such, human resource (HR) has to find means wherein the management of people becomes the foundation for the success of the organisation (Boxall & Purcell 2003). In this regard, this study will look into HRM, its meaning and functions and on how strategic HRM becomes an essential development in the field. From this perspective, the study will focus on five aspects of HRM, namely, resourcing, employee engagement, job design, employee development and leadership. This is undertaken with the purpose of gaining more insight and better understanding of HRM. The paper will be having the following structure. The first section will deal with the nature of HRM. This will provide the framework in which the five related functions of HRM are appreciated. The second part will deal with some questions pertinent to the five aspects of HRM, which is the focus of the study. This is essential as it affords a way wherein some concerns relevant to these five functions may be clarified. Finally, the thi rd part will be the conclusion. In the end, it is the aim of the writer to be able to produce a clearer vision of the relationship between organisational behaviour and HRM. HRM: Its Nature and Definition Before, HRM has been concerned with administrative functions in people management. However, with developments in technology, HRM administrative functions are no longer its main concern, but it is now focused on coming up with strategies that position the right staff in the right job at the appropriate time and carrying out task effectively. (Lawler & Morhman 2003). As such, human resource management is â€Å"strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives† (Armstrong 2006, p 2). Observable in the definition is the notion that people are considered to be as the â€Å"most valued assets of the organisation†, this position breaks from the traditional perception that employees are deemed as costs rather than assets. This is a significant condition because there are some who are claiming that there is a difference between HRM and human capital management (HCM) and that the main difference between the two is the actual practise (Armstrong 2006). It is contended that HRM also sees personnel as assets, however, since they have several concerns, only a few of HR people admits in implementing the philosophy and belief system underlying HCM (Armstrong 2006). On the other HCM uses measurable data to come up with policies, strategies and programmes that will help the management develop the right training, learning and opportunities that will further improve the employees. Nonetheless, although the discourse regarding the difference between HRM and HCM is continuing, what is necessary is that HRM and HCM may be combined in order to with better HR policies, strategies and programmes that best suit t he needs and goals of both employees and the organisation. With people as valuable assets as its ethos, HR works within a system wherein there is a clear HR philosophy that serves as a guide to managing people. It also has to have clear HR strategies that will lead HRM to its goals and vision. Likewise, it has to have HR policies that will set as the standard in addressing HR concerns while HR procedures are necessary concrete methods or processes adopted by the organisation as it implements HR policies. At the same time, there are

Willy Russell portray serious issues Essay Example for Free

Willy Russell portray serious issues Essay He uses Standard English, but with a regional accent. So he fits into the social context of the play. His vocabulary is direct; this symbolises a direct message. His voice is also assertive but he doesnt show any emotion, which shows hes detached from whats going on. Hes dramatically effective because he is entwined in speech and action. The speech sequences between Linda and Mickey are interrupted by the narrator, which shows a dramatic presence. He comes at unexpected and dramatic times, which is engaging for the audience. The director also says shoes upon the table and gypsies in the wood this symbolises a warning and verbally foreshadows the rest of the play. The issue of superstition is portrayed in an entertaining way because the narrator is saying in between speeches. He is slightly menacing; this creates shock to the audience, which engages them. You could say that the narrator is seen like the devil. Comic devices are also used when there were adults dresses as children and they behave in an immature manner. The milkman being the gynaecologist also adds to the humour, from the quote actually Ive given up the milk round and gone into medicine. Im your gynaecologist. From this the audience would subconsciously see the issues in an entertaining way. The humorous language from quotes previously also build up the entertainment and adds to the comic devices they go together well in tandem. Mickey and Linda growing up has a humorous side to it because they deal with small problems, which are humorous. Mickey says I dont wanna die and Linda says But you have to Mickey. Everyone does. Like your twinny died. Mickey here is frightened that Sammy might kill him with a fake air pistol, but Linda calms Mickey down. But as they grow up we see a serious issue of it, like their baby, finances and trying to find a house. A lot of stress comes to Mickey and he says Now give me the tablets I need them, so I can be invisible from that we can see Mickey needs tablets because of the stress, but the last part makes it entertaining, its a sort of joke. There was also light romance between Mickey and Linda, she kept saying I love you Mickey, which was entertaining as Linda had said she loved him when they were children; the romance makes those serious issues between them seem entertaining. The music devices that Willey Russell used also make it entertaining and helps bring the characters to life on stage, the serious issues such as single parents and social class suddenly become entertaining because of these melodies. Willy Russell used music devices effectively to end Act 1 on a positive note. A quote to show this was, Were getting out. Were moving house, Were going away. Getting out today. Were moving movin movin house. The Johnstone had a lot of troubles up to that point, but they were finally moving to the countryside. The positive text and music contributes to the happy atmosphere, the chorus, Oh bright new day, were moving away, were startin all over again. Oh, bright new day, were going away, Where nobodys heard of our name, emphasises the importance of it and shows her happiness. The melody is an upbeat tune, the lyrics say that Oh bright new day, the constant repetition again emphasises the fact that the atmosphere is happy, so the issue of poverty and single parents are subconsciously portrayed in an entertaining way because of the music, melodies and positive text. The happy atmosphere also subconsciously makes the audience generate their expectations, that the next acts would be happy. Different types of songs are used to represent different parts of the play; there were ballads, Tell me its not true, say its just a story, something on the news, Tell me its not true, say its just a dream, for sad parts and lively songs, (from the previous quotes) for light-hearted aspects. The engaging songs and lyrics add to the drama because it is constantly enveloping with serious issues, which is entertaining, hence engaging for the audience. The themes of dancing, like, Oh we went dancing Edward, it was great and waltzing occurs throughout the play to go in tandem with the lively songs to add to the happy atmosphere again to portray the serious issues in an entertaining way. The end of the play deals with a lot of other serious issues in an entertaining approach. There is a lot of action and Mickey going crazy at the end, which is entertaining, this goes in tandem with the murders to portray it in an entertain way. The tension when Mickey was holding the gun also creates suspense for the audience and really engages them. The audience would subconsciously start the denotation to connotation process, as the gun connotes death and violence. Their expectations for the end of the play would be generated. The main issue of murder in the closing scene would be portrayed entertainingly because it was ironic that two twin brothers that were separated at birth eventually die on the same day. The author makes Mickey say You! Why didnt you give me away! I could have been. I could have been him! This shows that Mickey knows he could have been better off if he was in the higher-class family. Subsequently it shows that the Willy Russell thinks that it is class that caused the murder. The authors attitudes towards class are also revealed and justified in the narrators last speech. He trys to persuade the audience into thinking it was class because he stretches the last sentence Or could it be what we, the English come to know it as class? . He ends with a strong rhetorical question talking about class. This rhetorical question is cleverly used because it subconsciously makes us linger on the topic of class, and even be persuaded to think it was class that caused the murders. This reflects the attitudes of the author; he thinks that it was the different social classes mixing that caused the murders. His attitudes to social classes were high. He was concerned, that if people with a different social classes mix then it would spell trouble. In the play of Blood Brothers Willy Russell deals with a lot of serious issues in an entertaining way, this really engages the audience. He virtually engulfs all the serious issues with the entertainment and happy atmosphere, to portray them as entertaining. Our minds subconsciously think about the entertaining side of the issue rather than the serious side. The issues also add to the development of the play, poverty led to social class which eventually led to murder. However he trys to portray the issues in an entertaining way to engage the audience; it makes us feel and think about different aspects of the issues. Take social class for example, Mickey was brought up in a lower class family but probably had more enjoyment in his childhood than Edward. But Edward was not allowed much because of his parents. However when Mickey grew up he didnt have a good education and wasnt taught properly by his mother what was to do and not to do in life. These are different aspects of that issue, which were cleverly shown in an entertaining way by Willy Russell.

Features of Non-literary Translation

Features of Non-literary Translation Introduction Text Bankers bonuses: Caps on pay are no way to restore the financial system to health (text 1) and text Labour conference: Talking to itself (text 2) are quite different and at the same time share some common features. The title of text 1 suggests that the text is about cutting top-bankers salaries and its overall effect on the financial system of the country. Whereas, judging by the title, the subject matter of the second text is the results of the Labour party conference. The texts are both specialised, but the specialist fields differ: text 1 belongs to the field of business and economics and text 2 is a national political text. The last part of this essay will look at this aspect in detail; the first two will aim at the comparative analysis in terms of text type and purpose, register and readership, lexis and syntax; the third part will deal with potential translation problems aroused by certain lexical items. Abbreviations: ST source text TT target text BT back translation Text type and purpose, genre, register and readership As Hatim and Mason state, generally most texts are hybrid in their nature, but text purposes may only be viewed in terms of dominances of a given purpose or contextual focus (1990: 146). Text 1 is purely argumentative, while text 2 can be also called hybrid, as it comprises some features of narration (report on the Labour party conference held in September of 2009), but mainly argumentation. According to Hatim and Masons text typology, text 2 belongs to the type of the through-argument, which is citing the thesis and arguing it through (1990: 152). Indeed, the author at the very beginning states that the leading political party is separated from the British people and it is unlikely to be re-elected, because the public trust was lost, and then he proves that idea in each paragraph, making a conclusion at the end that Labour is not loved by public, therefore there is not too much hope for them to win the future elections. As for text 1, it can be classified as the counter-argumentativ e. At first, the author cites John Kenneth Galbraith, a very famous economist of the second half of the 20th century, who expressed his negative attitude to the bonuses system. Then in each paragraph he opposes that thesis by various arguments, giving examples of how that problem is solved in other countries and in the UK. Finally, he expresses his own opinion that the problem is very acute but legislation to cut bankers salaries is all wrong and another way out should be found by the British government in order to restore the financial system of the country. So the texts belong to the same text type (with the hint of hybridisation in text 2), meaning that their main function is persuasive. It is known, that the intention of the text represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter (Newmark P. 1988:12). The notion of the text type is closely connected with the purpose of the text. Thus the authors of both texts aim at appealing to their addressees by promoting acceptance or evaluation of some ideas or concepts. Moreover, the choice of lexis in both texts is strongly determined by the authors intentions, text type and purpose: the texts are marked by the use of connotative words which immediately indicates the argumentative text type. Lexical features of the texts will be looked at in detail later. As a conventional text type that is associated with a specific communicative function (Munday J. 2001: 91-92) genres of the texts are also linked with their argumentative nature; especially text 2 which is an editorial from the online version of the Guardian newspaper (editorials usually have highly evaluative content and, as can be assumed, appellative purpose). Text 2, as a comment from www.timesonline.co.uk, is characterised by the persuasive function of the whole text with the little difference that it also performs, although not predominantly, an informative function, which is typical of the genre of a newspaper article. Register, as a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific function (Baker M. 1992: 15), always depends on intention, text type, genre and purpose of the text. Text 1 and 2 can be also compared in this sense meaning that the first text, as stated before, deals with problems in banking sector, so it belongs to the field of economics, whereas text 2 is clearly political. There is also a difference between two texts in terms of tenor: text 1 has a higher level of formality than text 2 as it is more specialised, while text 2 is less formal. Although in both texts the register is semi-formal. The texts are similar in the mode written to be read reflectively, because the authors aim at producing that kind of effect. As it was stated before, text 1 and 2 are from the national English newspapers which are ranked as highly authoritative sources. That is why their intended readership is, obviously, an educated public, presumably of middle or upper class, who reads that kind of newspapers. Although the distinction can be made here in terms of different fields of these texts: text 1 is addressed to the people who are able to understand and evaluate economical issues, whereas text 2 is mostly aimed at those who are interested in politics. Overall, the readership for both texts is quite the same: it entitles a great deal of cultural background knowledge and assumes a substantial, but not very specialised, knowledge of political, economical, historical and social life on its national and international levels. Lexis, grammar and syntax Lexical and syntactic features of both texts are determined by several important factors which are certainly interdependent. Firstly, because they are argumentative they are marked by the extensive use of connotative words, mainly negative in meaning: (text1) heady rewards'(line 4), public fury'(line 10), full-blown financial panic'(line 18), shed his troubles'(line 18), ambitious plan'(line 19), expresses dismay'(line 24), introduce distortions'(line 33), reform'(line 39), hobble the City'(line 40), landgrab'(line 42), bloated'(line 45) But in text 2 the connotative lexis is stronger than in the first one, again, because of its argumentative text type, editorial genre, authors appellative intention and persuasive function. (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), speaking mournfully'(line 6), retrospective regret'(line 8), dogmatic enthusiasm'(line 13), helium-voiced theatricality'(line 22), cheeky self-referential game'(line 27), populist crackdown'(line 36), crusade'(line 39), inject passion'(line 35) The selection of words in terms of style is also different in two texts: text 2 is marked by the use of colloquialisms, together with more formal lexis: (text 2) smash down'(line 5), backward-looking'(line 10), what on earth'(line 20), boils down'(line 15), keep leadership alive'(line 10), drive the party further'(line 15), awful idea'(line 41), fell flat'(line 29), messy'(line 37) In this case such lexical choice depends a lot on highly persuasive effect the author aims at producing in the text. There is no doubt that the field of specialisation has strong influence on the language of the texts. Text 1 is about banking and economics, that is why there are many terms from this field: (text 1) boardroom'(line 4), chief executive'(line 5), corporation'(line 5), global economy'(line 11), banking sector'(line 8), recapitalise'(line 20), traders'(line 27), compensation schemes'(line 31), tax liabilities'(line 36), chairman'(line 43), economic case'(line 44), financial instability'(line 15) The following example illustrates another feature of economical texts, noun clusters, which are several nouns and adjectives to designate one single concept (Guadalupe Acedo Dominguez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D., available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03/2003): (text 1) short-term trading profits'(line 29), risk-adjusted profits'(line 32) As for text 2, it is similar to text 1 in terms of the use of terminology, but this time the terms belong to the field of politics: (text 2) political conference'(line 3), ministers'(line 7), strategy'(line 10), electorate'(line 15), polling day'(line 19), speeches'(line 22), technocratic instrument'(line 42) The terms from other disciplines are widely used in both texts, again, because the fields of politics and economics are characterised by this feature: (text 1) policymakers'(line 11), capitalism'(line 25), code of conduct'(line 26), legislation'(line 33) (text 2) apparatus'(line 4), security state'(line 4), economic crisis'(line 12), recovery'(line 13), secure zone'(line 17), financial crisis'(line 35), populist'(line 36) Political texts are a part and/or result of politics, they are historically and culturally determined (Schà ¤ffner C. Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation, edited by Trosberg A., 1997: 119). This can also be said about economical texts. That is why both texts are abundant in culture-specific references (proper names, dates, personal, historical and geographical references): (text 1) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4), the G20 (line 9), the City'(line 40), Mr Brown line 18), Angela Merkel (line 26), president Sarkozy (line 24), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34), Lord Turner Ecchinswell (line 43), the Financial Services Authority (line 43) (text 2) Labour (line 10), Gordon Brown (line 11), the Conservatives (line 16), Alistair Darling (line 21), Peter Mandelson (line 21), the City (line 36), Progress rally (line 43), 11 ministers (line 43), chancellor (line 24), business secretary (line 28) Texts 1 and 2 are both rich in figurative language, mainly metaphors and metonyms (influenced by their text type, purpose and field). For example, Newmark says that game metaphors are frequent in political texts (1991: 158), which can be shown by the example: (text 2) Lord Mandelson played with the hall, a cheeky self-referential game (line 26) Here Mandelsons speech is compared to a game, thus metaphorically establishing a comparison between one idea and another (Beard A. 2000: 19). Synecdoche, as a type of metonymy when the part stands for the whole, is used in the second text (face stands for the person): (text 2) convincing face of a crusade against the City (about Alistair Darling) (line 39) There are many other metaphors and metonyms in text 2: (text 2) age-old characteristic'(line 31), chase the prime minister'(line 19), left the country cold'(line 27), conference speaking mournfully to itself'(line 6), etc. Text 1 is not that rich in figurative language as text 2, because it deals with economical problems, still a few examples can be given: (text 1) bloated (financial sector)'(line 45), market award'(line 5), contaminating the wider economy'(line 16), hobble the City'(line 40) As far as grammar is concerned, in both texts such parts of speech as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and particles, emotive verbs are used extensively which is related to the argumentative text type conventions: (text 1) heady rewards'(line 4), widespread belief'(line 8), populist and fanciful schemes'(line 15), competitively'(line 17), likely'(line 10), ambitious plan'(line 19), commensurate penalty'(line 30), shed his troubles'(line 18), sought to rescue the global economy'(line 11), inveigh against'(line 11), expresses dismay'(line 24), insists'(line 27), are adept at inventing'(line 36), devoted themselves'(line 35), but'(line 21), however'(line 23) (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), valedictory dispatches'(line 7), wrong'(line 16), feelgood therapy'(line 22), mutual distrust'(line 45), awful idea'(line 41), speaking mournfully'(line 6), helium-voiced'(line 22), fighting for their future'(line 7), cutting the party off'(line 5), smash down'(line 5), turned on the public'(line 18), indulged in'(line 22), fell flat'(line 29), demean'(line 32), certainly'(line 36), but'(line 6), still'(line 28), if'(line 19), only'(line 33), at least'(line 10) Both texts are marked by the use of active voice of verbs. It is linked to the authors intentions and the text purpose, when it is important to point out agents of the action (individuals, parties, groups, economies or countries) in order to appeal to the reader: (text 1) public furyreflects'(line 8), governments are outdoing'(line 13), Mr brown shed his troubles and sought to rescue'(line 18), Mr Browns notion never extended'(line 21), governments seen the opportunity'(line 23), search of profits generated large rewards'(line 29) (text 2) ministers are writing'(line 7), party feels'(line 8), the Conservatives would threaten recovery'(line 13), party made no attempt'(line 18), both men found it easier'(line 30) To achieve emphasis in meaning modal verbs are often used in both texts: (text 1) Gordon Brown could perform. (line 14), Mr Brown should not mistake'(line 41) (text 2) they should be fighting'(line 7), no minister should talk'(line 24), the debate should be had in public'(line 42) Transitivity of verbs also adds to their emphatic meaning: (text 1) cap bankers pay'(line 13), prevent financial instability'(line 15), recapitalise the banks'(line 20), seen the opportunity'(line 23) (text 2) smash down barriers'(line 5), left the country cold'(line 27), writing dispatches'(line 7), demean your opponents'(line 32), won an argument'(line 40) Mostly present and future tenses are used in both texts to show either the real state of things, the authors statements expressing their negative attitude or not very promising predictions: (text 1) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimize tax liabilities. (line 36) But legislation to cap bankers pay is not the answer. (line 33) (text 2) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) The disadvantage is that it will drive the party further from the electorate. (line 14) Syntactic features of the text are certainly determined by the argumentative text type. Thus both text 1 and 2 do not have a very complex syntax. The average length of the sentences is medium. Text 2, being explicitly appellative, comprises more short sentences than text1: (text 2) He is right. (line 24) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He still knows what is needed. (line 28) There is certainly much to do. (line 36) The sentences are relatively simple. In those which are complex the main clauses and the subordinate clauses are connected with conjunctions or temporal adverbs. Conditional clauses are typical of the argumentative text type: they are used to reflect the authors opinion: (text 1) If employers wished to reward staff, they would do it in benefits rather than in cash. (line 34) (text 2) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The types of the sentences are determined by the argumentative text type of the texts: there are statements, rhetorical question and even imperative used for emphasis: (text 1) There is a problem in bankers pay. (line 29) It is not to hinder the banking sector from operating competitively. (line 16) Recall the incomes policies of the 1970s. (line 34) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He is right. (line 24) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The word order in both texts is fixed, although there is a slight deviation from the English norm (subject + predicator + object + adjunct), when the time adjunct precedes the subject (in purposes of emphasising its meaning in the sentence): (text 2) Too late, Labour is trying to inject passion into its response to the financial crisis (line 35) On the textual level, both texts have much in common in terms of cohesive devices used for emphasis, opposition, contrast or reasoning, as they are markers of the argumentative text type. For example, adversative, temporal and continuative conjunctions used as connectors between sentences relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other (Baker M. 1992: 190): (text 1 ) But it is easier for policymakers to inveigh against highly paid bankers (line 11) Other European governments have, however, seen the opportunity to propose tough new regulation. (line 23) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimise tax liabilities. (line 36) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He spoke much of the time in the past tense, while Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) In text 2 parallelism is used emphatically as a perfect cohesive device to stress out Labours separation from the public (the structure from the topic sentence of the first paragraph is repeated but filled with the new content in the last paragraph): (text 2) still fences, scanners, identity badges and armed police. (line 4) Sitting inside its steel fence, Labour is asking why it is no longer loved. (line 46) Potential translation problems in text 1 Translating this text from English into Russian, a translator might experience some translation problems, connected with specialist and culture-bound terms and collocations used in the source text. For example: (ST) central bankers (line 9) (BT) heads of central banks. In Russian the constituents of this economic term cannot collocate and translated literally would sound wrong, thus the strategy of supplementation plus translation using related words is used. Another example of the problem connected with specialist terms: (ST) capital reserves (line 37) (BT) reserved capital In Russian this economical term is represented in a different form from the grammatical point of view: the word order and the parts of speech are changed. The translator should be careful in rendering this term accurately. In the following example the term is translated literally, because it represents an exact notion, suggested by Gordon Brown: (ST) new international financial architecture (line 21) In this case the potential translation problem of non-equivalence is solved but in order to do it the translator has to do some research on parallel texts in the target language. The translation problem can be aroused while translating the following jargon expression: (ST) cap bankers pay (line 13) (BT) limit bankers bonuses The English colloquial expression is translated by the more neutral Russian equivalent. This choice is determined by style and register conventions of the target language; in English the use of colloquial language in newspaper articles on serious political or economical issues is common, whereas in Russian a more formal expression is stylistically more appropriate. As Schà ¤ffner points out, texts with references to a wide range of cultural patterns of the society in question, including aspects of its economic, political and legal life, require a lot of background knowledge for a coherent interpretation(1997: 133). Consequently, the translating cultural words and collocations may pose difficulties for the translator. (ST) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4) (BT) a famous economist, John Kenneth Galbraith It is necessary to use the strategy of supplementation plus explanation, because not all the readers in the target culture would be familiar with this European name. (ST) incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) (BT) unsuccessful incomes policies of the 1970s in Britain Translating from English into Russian it is better to specify the result of the particular economic measures in Britain, as the term is clearly culture-specific and needs to be explained to the target reader. (ST) City bonuses (line 8) (BT) bonuses of the City of London Again, when this cultural reference is first met in the text it is necessary to explain which City the author refers to. (ST) Financial Services Authority (line 43) (BT) Financial Services Office The name of organisation will possibly cause a translation problem, especially if the translator is not an expert in the field of economics in the target language. There might be problems at the above word level: (ST) financial sector that is bloated (line 45) (BT) bloated financial sector According to Larson, the metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is, if it sounds natural and is understood by the readers) (1998: 279). In Russian it is possible to keep this metaphorical image. But the word should be put in the inverted commas not to make it sound colloquial in Russian. (ST) hobble the City (line 40) (BT) cause troubles for the City In English the meaning of this expression is idiomatic (to cause to limp). In Russian there is no idiomatic equivalent with the same meaning, that is why the translation strategy of paraphrase is used here. Moreover, in Russian it would be stylistically inappropriate to use an idiom in the text of semi-formal register published in the national newspaper. Although the translator should take into account the text type conventions. Thus the colloquial word in the inverted commas would be an option in the same type of argumentative text in the target language. Field of specialisation According to Desbalches communication pyramid, texts 1 and 2 can be positioned on the level 5, as they are produced by generalists in number of sciences and addressed to educated, interested general public (2001: 21). What makes these texts specialised is that they belong to certain specialist fields and that they are marked by the use of terminology specific to those fields. As it was stated before, the fields of specialisation in text 1 and 2 are different. Text 1 belongs to the field of banking which is a sub-field of business and economics. The language of the text, as in any text of economic discourse, is very specific: it relates to other fields such as politics and history, that is why not only specialist terms listed before are widely used but also many external terms can be found: (text 1) populist'(line 15) (historical), policymakers'(line 11) (political), code of conduct'(line 26) (legal), statute'(line 38) (political and legal), etc. An abundance of culture-bound references is an important feature of the language of economics. The cultural, personal, historical and geographical references occur frequently in the text: (text 1) Gordon Brown (line 14), the City (line 40), the Financial Services Authority (line 43), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) Text 2 belongs to the field of politics. It is literary in style (as many other texts of the same field, especially those of the argumentative text type), that is why there are numerous examples of strong connotative and colloquial language: (text 2) bombast'(line 21), smash down (line 5), fell flat (line 29), awful idea (line 41), mutual distrust (line 45), technocratic instrument (line 42), messy (line 37), ingratitude (line 18), fighting for their future (line 7), sly jibes (line 31) Also the extensive use of figurative language is essential for political texts. The language in text 2 is marked by the use of metaphors and metonyms adding to the effect of emotiveness and evaluation: (text 2) two worlds in one town (line 3), crusade against the City (line 39); when it talks to people outside will it discover the answer (line 47) (about Labour); Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26); sitting inside its steel fence (line 46) (about Labour) Irony as a figure of speech, often found in political texts, is also used here: (text 2) It boils down to telling voters that they are wrong not to thank the government for the good things it has done. (line 15) Mr Darling enhances the government with a quiet reliability and he was well-mannered enough yesterday came not to point out that the prime minister came within hours of sacking him last June. (line 37) Both texts, as they belong to language-specific fields of politics and economics, comprise some concepts of abstraction: (text 1) public fury (line 8), individual (line 6), widespread belief (line 8), issue (line 10), new regulation (line 23), large rewards (line 30) (text 2) apparatus (line 4), strategy (line 10), separation (line 6), enthusiasm (line 13), decency (line 21) At last, text 2 can be addressed not only to the source language community, meaning that it has a wider political audience in mind (Schà ¤ffner C. 1997: 127). Bibliography Baker, M. (1992) In Other words, A Coursebook on translation. London: Routledge Beard, A. (2000) The Language of Politics. London: Routledge Desblache L. (2001) Aspects of Specialised Translation. Paris: La Maison Dictionnaire Guadalupe Acedo Domingez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D, University of Extramadura, Spain (2002) Implications in Translating Economic Texts Translation Journal 6 (3). Available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03.2002 Hatim, B. and Mason, I. (1990) Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman Larson M. L. (1998) Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America Inc. Munday, J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge Newmark, P. (1991) About Translation. New York/London: Clevedon: Prentice Hall Newmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall Europe Schà ¤ffner C. (1997) Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation [edited by Trousberg A.]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 119-143

Football Player :: Sports, Personal Goals, NFL

My dream job in the future would be professional football player. I have loved the game of football since I was a little kid because it’s a good sport and you can tackle the player and catch and do anything in the sport as long as you follow the rules. The colleges that I’m looking forward to go to are UNC, Oregon, or Appalachian State. If a football player is interested in becoming a professional football player, it’s essential to be on a college football team. If a player wants to go to the pros, he should attend a college that puts a lot of emphasis on its football program. If the player shows promise on a college team, that’s one way to open the door to being successful. Players need to learn about the sport, in addition to knowing the rules, regulations, and policies. They should read about the history and about the players of the past (Field 11). It is also imperative that the athlete train to become a professional football player and start out early like youth football leagues (â€Å"How†¦Professional†). NFL players need an education in case of injuries or if they can’t play for any reason. Players can have a degree in any type of subject. If a player wants to play in the NFL, he has to attend a college or a university that has a good football program. Some players come from high school but most players come from a four year college (Field 11). If you have a son that is going to be in the NFL who wants to play linemen, he has to be about 6’8† tall and weigh around 350 lbs. Players have to know the game. They can’t hope to be a NFL player if they don’t understand how to play the game (Green 174). The training and practices required to play professional football are intense. You have to wear uncomfortable pads and helmets and endure grueling practices in the heat of the summer and you have to lift weights every day (Green 174). You have to train no matter what position you play. What’s important about is how the position works and how it contributes to the game. Young boys must join high school football team, the road to football star begins in high school.

Asha Accredited Social Health Activist Health And Social Care Essay

On June 26, 1965, a twelvemonth before the Cultural Revolution ( 1966-76 ) in China, Mao Zedong in a address condemned the urban focal point of health care and urged physicians to better medical conditions for the rural batch. These physicians were subsequently dubbed as â€Å" The barefoot physicians, † as these physicians were husbandmans who worked in the Paddy Fieldss, barefoot. With a medicine kit on one shoulder and a profligate on another, the small ruddy book of Mao citations in one manus and a Mao badge pinned on their shirts – this iconic image of Chinese barefoot physicians changed the urban prejudice of the medical system of the clip. The shoeless physicians plan was integrated with China ‘s National policy after the Cultural Revolution, blossoming an epoch of concerted community engagement in health care, perchance for the first clip at such a monolithic graduated table. Looking into the Indian context, both contemporary and in retrospection, one can happen about the same issues that prompted Mao to denote such a strategic and out of the box wellness plan. Give the astronomical, yet skewed, proportions of donees that healthcare systems in both India and china demand to aim, Mao ‘s solution was valid in the Indian context excessively. However, since the types of authoritiess and therefore the manners of administration in Indian and China are poles apart, concept such as primary and societal health care, though dating back to the Bhore Committee Recommendations in 1946, started taking concrete form into the National policy merely through the last two decennaries.The contours of Healthcare in National PolicyThe first 5 twelvemonth program ( 1951-55 ) witnessed a Community Development Programme ( CDP ) , launched as a cover, multipurpose plan designed to make conditions of economic and societal advancement for the whole community. The CDP spanned a cross multiple sectors such as agribusiness, conveyance, societal public assistance and Industries. It provisioned for the creative activity of a Primary Health Centre per Community Development Block ( CDB ) which comprised of about 100 small towns. Apprised of the hapless incursion of Health attention Centres and of a low Healthcare bringing centres to aim population ratio, the Government of India set up the Mudailar Committee in the 2nd program, which recommended restricting the population served by such Centres to 40,000 from 1 hundred thousand. The Rural Health Scheme was launched following the suggestions of The Shrivastav Committee in 1977, whereby a Para-professional and Semi professional wellness worker pool from within the community was created for deeper incursion of the hitherto neglected subdivisions of the population. The Community Health Volunteer-Village Health Guide ( VHG ) was later launched wherein Short term preparations were imparted to community womenfolk apart from a little inducement to work. India as a signer to the Alma Ata Declaration 1978, witnessed an of import survey group on â€Å" Health -An alternate Strategy † commissioned by ICSSR and ICMR ( 1980 ) . While the decisions of the survey group outlined a overplus of spreads that existed in the manner health care was delivered in India, it besides argued that most of these wellness jobs were conformable to be solved at the primary health care degree through community engagement and ownership. It was in this study that the preparation of a comprehensive national wellness policy following an inter-sectoral attack was recommended. A figure of such survey groups were set up in the late seventies, all of which concluded that bing wellness services and manpower had to be ramped up well. Aligned to the Alma Ata Declarations sketching the duty of a province to supply primary health care to its people the 1st National Health Policy ( NHP ) was formed in 1983, which among other policy enterprises, emphasized the function of private and voluntary establishments to back up the authorities in integrating of wellness services in the state, particularly in the rural and backward countries. In the bend of the millenary, despite additions in results and betterments in wellness substructure, India had yet to accomplish the ends enlisted in the first National Health Policy. Almost two decennaries subsequently, The 2nd National Health Policy was formed in 2002, stressing on increasing entree to decentralized public wellness system and puting an increased sectoral portion of allotment out of the entire wellness disbursement to primary wellness attention. The most recent of all policy models sing health care in India has, nevertheless, been the National Rural Health Mission, which was launched in 2005 and which was aimed at an betterment over people ‘s entree to preventive and healing health care, peculiarly in the rural countries. It is viewed as an ‘architectural rectification ‘ of the Indian public Health system to enable it to beef up public wellness direction and service bringing in the state. It envisages appropriate wellness forces to be placed at assorted degrees get downing from the small town degree in to the full functional wellness Centres with equal linkages across degrees. The Sub-centre is the most peripheral and of import degree of contact with the community under the public wellness substructure. This caters to a population norm of 5000, but is efficaciously serves a much larger population at the Sub-centre degree, particularly in 8 Empowered Action Group ( EAG ) States. With merely about 50 % MultiPurposeWorker MPW ( M ) being available in these States, the Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife ( ANM ) was to a great extent overworked, which impacted outreach services in rural countries. The nature of occupation duties of the Anganwadi workers ( with accent on auxiliary eating and pre-school instruction ) did non let them to take up the duty of a alteration agent on wellness in a small town. Thus a new set of community based officials, named as Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) was proposed to make full this nothingness. ASHA would be the first port of call for any wellness related demands of disadvantaged subdivisions of the population, particularly adult females and kids, who find it hard to entree wellness services. In paragraphs that follow, the functions, duties, profiles for ASHA militants have been highlighted, casting visible radiation on the function of these militants in societal and community mobilisation and engagement.Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA )In retrospect, ASHA is frequently called the Resurrection of the Community Health worker ( CHW ) or Village Health Guide ( VHG ) , both about 30 twelvemonth old strategies. However, ASHA is a newer and modified version of these strategies with past lessons learnt, and causes of past failures addressed. As her name suggests, an ASHA is an ‘activist ‘ and non merely another characterless worker in the wellness system. Actually, ASHA is more identifiable with the really successful and the universe celebrated impression of C hinese ‘barefoot physicians ‘ . In fact, ASHA appears to be suited mix of the CHWs and thought of barefoot physicians. ASHA is besides authoritative illustration of the principle and the importance behind the constructs of societal and community mobilisation. Past experiences of policy shapers and research workers sing the theoretical accounts of development and determination devising have made them concentrate upon the importance of societal mobilisation. Methods to better direction of centrally planned plans, enterprises to bring forth critical political will to supply appropriate way and support to development plans, and attempts to affect communities as determination shapers and implementers of their ain development have received considerable attending. Change agents and grassroots organisers have urged the authorization of those sections of society whose engagement and engagement is important in the attempt toward equity and justness. The construct of ASHA is based on the wide graduated table motion to prosecute people ‘s engagement in accomplishing a specific development end through auton omous attempts. It is a planned decentralised procedure easing alteration for development in health care bringing mechanism through a scope of participants engaged in interconnected and complementary attempts. Most significantly, it takes into history the felt demands of the people, embraces the critical rule of community engagement, and seeks to authorise persons and groups for action. The functions and duties of an ASHA are designed and spun around the larger ends of community engagement and societal mobilisation in the health care bringing system. Her activism in footings of consciousness on wellness, its societal determiners enables community mobilisation towards local wellness planning and facilitates increased use and answerability of the bing wellness services. She is a booster of good wellness patterns, supplying a minimal bundle of healing attention as appropriate and executable for a degree and doing timely referrals. What follows in the remainder of this write up is an analysis of how these wellness militants are playing an instrumental function in societal engagement and mobilisation of the community, equity in the entree to wellness attention and decrease in exposure of communities to ill wellness through community authorization by turn toing the societal determiners of wellness.How the Roles and Responsibilities of ASHA are aligned to Social mobilisati on.Mobilization involves alteration, and alteration involves complex interaction among groups in different sections of society who hold divergent attitudes, values and involvements. Isolated efforts to affect assorted groups are non plenty. Keeping this in head the functions of ASHA have been carefully defined to show in alteration at the community degree. An analysis of how the some functions and duties are aligned towards societal alteration is listed below. ASHA creates consciousness and provides information to the community on determiners of wellness such as nutrition, basic sanitation & A ; hygienic patterns, healthy life and on the job conditions, information on bing wellness services and the demand for timely use of wellness & A ; household public assistance services. Therefore, capacitating groups and communities of hapless adult females to utilize this information as a agency and a right in their battle to critically understand their world and the causes of several evitable medical conditions, doing them objects, and at the same clip, assisting them to transform and retrace their world in conditions of liberty, doing them topics of such a transmutation. ASHA gives reding to adult females on birth readiness, importance of safe bringing, breastfeeding, immunisation, contraceptive method and bar of common infections including Reproductive Tract Infection/Sexually Transmitted Infection ( RTIs/STIs ) and counsels them on how to take attention of the immature kid. Such valuable information empowers these vulnerable subdivisions to better grok the importance of healthy patterns. ASHA aims to mobilise the community and ease them in accessing wellness and wellness related services available at the village/sub-centre/primary wellness Centres, such as Immunization, Ante Natal ( ANC ) and Post Natal Check-up ( PNC ) , ICDS, and other services being provided by the authorities. This function assumes a degree of internalisation and psychological satisfaction, which is deep plenty to do the community, proprietors of the mobilization procedure, and which is besides a stipulation for sustainability Her function as the supplier of primary medical attention and propagator of life salvaging preventative and healing information is premised on constructing up cognition bases by adult females based on positive elements in their ain cognition system and entree to the many pools of modern cognition. ASHA builds trust and credence by offering healing clinics as its first enterprise with a community. As trust is developed, they are able to call up and develop adult females wellness voluntaries and traditional birth attenders. Further mobilization occurs through adult females ‘s action groups ( Mahila Mandals ) , which discuss wellness and societal issues. These groups progressively become involved in bettering their overall wellness conditions by their ain direct action or buttonholing the gm panchayet.Why is it of import that wellness programmes are owned by the people and how ASHA is doing a alteration?One of ASHA ‘s cardinal schemes is empowerment and development of human potency and consciousness with regard to community wellness and good being. In the outworking of this scheme, the vulnerable progressively gain ownership of the programme. Second, community engagement occurs through the formation of the adult females ‘s action groups, and other such Self Help Groups. In India, the basic Torahs are merely, but frequently hapless people do non hold the assurance or they were withal to entree these rights. These action groups give adult females the chance to voice their jobs and work with neighbors to happen solutions. They gain self assurance to talk out for themselves and have been well more effectual in act uponing sustainable wellness results. ASHA besides interact with SHG Groups, if available in the small towns, along with AWW, so that a work force of adult females will be available in all the small towns. They jointly organize look into up of pregnant adult females, their transit for safe institutional bringing to a pre-identified functional wellness installation. They besides organize wellness insurance at the local degree for which the Medical Officer and others could supply necessary proficient aid. Besides, the construct of an ASHA is coupled with its cheques and balances so that it can accomplish its fullest potency in conveying about existent and sustainable alterations in the health care bringing mechanism and the range of wellness services. Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA and other intercessions. This facet of an ASHA ‘s service to the small town wellness helps supervise the terminal end of such an inaugural – sustainable community health care.ASHA: An establishment in the devising?Institutionalization, per Se, is a something that talks about how, over a span of clip, a certain manner of making things becomes the norm in a society and how an full society starts following such a norm. In India, a societal health care and its moralss have been crude and disused or worse still, about absent. Institutionalization in health care would necessitate a alteration in the attitude and a sense of trust demands to be fostered among the facilitators of wellness deliverables and the donees of the same. A sense of ownership of self-health and community health is a requirement excessively since this feeling of ownership would organize the base of any such establishment. So far in this write up, we saw how ASHAs are redefining the manner rural health care is delivered. Let us now analyse that merely about how an ASHA is a instance of possible institutionalization, and in bend an enabler of community development. While Institutionalization and its signifiers encompass multiple factors, these factors can efficaciously be categorized into under 3 wide determiners viz. ,Internal enabling environmentStructure that supports and facilitates institutionalization, andSupport mapsThe undermentioned subdivision throws light on how these properties of institutionalization are ingrained into an ASHA ‘s operating rules.Internal enabling environmentPolicy An ASHA plants under clear written directives of the NRHM, and has written policies back uping quality through clearly communicated directions/directives and supplying support, counsel, and support for quality betterment, an built-in portion of such activism. Such clearly defined policies help these militants to keep their focal point every bit good as be cognizant of the terminal end of their work. Leadership An ASHA is a leader who works straight and openly to better wellness by puting precedences, advancing a acquisition ambiance, and going a equivalent word of the paradigm alteration in the lives of people every bit far as rural wellness is concerned. Core values Since an ASHA is a adult female from the same small town where she finally works, her nucleus values are compatible to that of the donees of her facilitations. When a vulnerable subdivision deprived of modern cognition sees one of its ain people taking a alteration, and therefore starts accepting the norms set thereby, institutionalization is facilitated. Resources As respects directives and defined policies, an ASHA has been allocated sufficient homo and material resources for carry oning, back uping, and keeping wellness consciousness and betterment activities in the NRHM.A Structure that supports and facilitates institutionalizationInstitutionalization needs clip, and another of import characteristic that is needed for a procedure, or societal mobilisation plan to be institutionalised is a strong support construction. Such a support construction is non a â€Å" right † or â€Å" the right † construction, but needs to be effectual construction. In this peculiar instance of an ASHA, the support structures vary and here ‘s why. A support construction of a socially focused plan is mostly dependent on the political, technological and economic environment in which the plan operates. Health being a province topic and the huge economic disparities that exist amongst assorted provinces in India make certain that the operating environments are non unvarying for ASHA. While in some provinces ASHAs are already an establishment, with phenomenal decrease in MMR and other indexs of overall wellness, in other provinces these militants are still to happen solid land for doing existent alterations. Such a support construction entails Where the inadvertence of such activism prevarications, which includes puting strategic waies, puting precedences and monitoring of advancement. Coordination amongst assorted degrees of the health care concatenation and bringing mechanisms. ASHA ‘s duties and functions cut across several service bringing and authorities plans such as their dependance on the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and the Anganwadi workers. Institutionalization of the ASHA plan would depend a batch upon how seamless such coordination really is. The true construction for Institutionalization in a plan is manifested in how the functions for executing activities are divided and/or delegated within the plan. The functions and duties of ASHA in this regard are clearly defined and their terminal ends etched out obviously. Accountability is another of import factor for a societal plan to travel on to go an establishment. Keeping with this organisational fact, the ASHA plan is monitored closely by plan direction groups and besides Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA.Essential Support mapsSupport maps provide support to the â€Å" staff † of such community oriented societal plans to set about, prolong and populate up to the existent challenges of their function in the rhythm of alteration. ASHA when seen under this visible radiation is non merely another wellness worker in the betterment of the health care bringing mechanism but is an â€Å" militant † , whose function in taking this alteration is polar. So any plan which is en path the way of institutionalization requires that its systems and policies guarantee Capacity edifice, which in this instance is done through regular preparations and meetings of the ASHA militants with ANM and Anganwadi workers. The preparation plans are designed in manner which ensures Provision of basic expertness — such that these ASHAs on initiation receive initial and go oning cognition and accomplishment development in preventative and healing health care techniques and inter-personal communicating accomplishments Ongoing coaching and mentoring — such an property to the preparation of ASHAs which ensures a â€Å" civilization of quality † . This in bend helps in doing sustained attempts towards the terminal end. Supervision – supportive supervising of ASHA are established at assorted degrees and regular interface meetings of ASHA are designed to guarantee a proper input to end product and feedback mechanisms. Such meetings and supervisings occur at the Sector Level Block Level District Level. Communication mechanisms, which guarantee that communicating of new criterions and new policies of wellness and betterment activities, increasing the likeliness of credence of and conformity with such enterprises. In ASHA ‘s instance this ensures that the rural population and peculiarly the vulnerable subdivisions feel and understand that health care is everyone ‘s concern and it ‘s their excessively. In the terminal, an equal and balanced wages system plays a critical function in prolonging the focal point of ASHA militants, furthering a sense of committedness to quality and motive to endeavor for excellence. Such a wages system besides identifies the deterrences to workers that presently exist and address them consequently. Again, in ASHA ‘s instance while such reward systems exist in some provinces, in other provinces the deficiency of adequate and a merely wages systems to ASHA workers could turn out to be a hurdle towards pan institutionalization of this wellness plan.ASHA: The land worldsASHA, the flagship plan of the National Rural Health Mission is non the first plan on rural wellness in India but the attending it drew from wellness militants and wellness forces is phenomenal. This addition in outlooks from this plan is attributed to multiple factors, such as the authorities ‘s initial committedness towards a phased addition in healthcare disbursement as a per centum of the GDP from less than 1 % to 2-3 % . While policymakers conceptualised NRHM, they did it with an oculus towards run intoing the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , of which India is a signer. That, holding been said, even 5 old ages after the NRHM was launched, there are still issues associating to ASHA, the flagship plan of the NRHM. Although ASHA has most of the ingredients needed to turn into an establishment of kinds, but the issues that the societal plan faces today are manifold. Abrasion is one major job that this plan faces. Since ASHA is a chief stakeholder in the plan and it has non been planned that what should be done if an ASHA leaves the wellness system. While there are commissariats for an ASHA ‘s initiation into the wellness system, the choice is clip devouring and besides sufficient preparations have to be re-imparted to the new ASHA. Second, the dependance of an ASHA on Anganwadi workers ( AWW ) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwife ( ANM ) is apparent and there are increasing Numberss of instances where other officials in the system get down deputing their work to ASHAs. Furthermore, other than a provinces, most provinces are still to supply infrastructural installations ( dedicated edifices etc. ) to stand in Centres so that ASHAs can transport out their duties efficaciously. A batch more focal point is needed towards the uninterrupted and on the occupation preparations to maintain them motivated and abreast with latest intercessions and attacks towards community healthcare betterment. This would non merely do a universe of good to the ASHAs themselves in footings of their ego assurance and knowledge possible but besides heighten the assurance of the rural batch. While ASHA appears to be a well designed plan, with all the necessities for an ideal community based plan, there are still a batch of spreads to be addressed across degrees. While it would be early to foretell its result in footings of success or failure given the broad and diverse mark donees of this plan, the necessary political will, bureaucratic streamlining and private non net income motivations need to be channelled decently for this societal plan to transfigure into an establishment and a theoretical account for future wellness intercessions. Besides, deserving mentioning is the function of rural directors here, who with an apprehension of modern direction techniques coupled with the demands of the donees of such wellness plans can set the losing pieces of the mystifier together.

The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members Example

The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members Example The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members – Article Example Bharti Airtel Limited Organizational structure Headquartered in New Delhi, India and presently extending in over 20 s globally, Bharti Airtel Limited assumes a Matrix form of organizational structure (Airtel, 2014). This encompasses integration of both divisional and functional structures such that it appears as a grid enabling command to flow vertically as well as horizontally. However, due to current unpredictability of global economy as well as stiff competition posed by similar players in telecommunications field, this firm’s policy makers have over the years since its inception kept on changing until to the present state. This is evident both in 2011 and 2013 whereby it adjusted its structure to ensure adequate and quick growth of its consumer business (Airtel, 2014). In addition, it was a strategy to evade severe and unfavorable competition more so in areas, which Bharti Airtel has dominated like S. Asia and India. This also was to aid in devising ways on how to penetrat e other dominated regional markets by their competitors, for instance, in Kenya where Safaricom to date almost monopolizes the entire market (Airtel, 2014). Almost in all departments comprising the entire structure, the heads are directors specializing in a certain given operation. Then these directors or CEOs other than the main one there are similar professionals working under them having similar experience and skills meant to execute their core and respective functions. This is evident as shown in chart below. In the quest to further its growth agenda, Bharti Airtel recently i.e. on 5Th February 2014 came up with a more decentralized strategy that touched on its organizational structure. This was to ensure Airtel across Africa will be in a position to keep up with stiff competition by putting all the operating states into four clustered Strategic Business Units (SBUs) (Airtel, 2014). These were to report to the MD as well as CEO as from 1st April 2014. For instance, one of this clustered Strategic Business Units (SBUs) encompass that of Zambia, Congo B, Malawi, Burkina, Niger, Chad, Madagascar as well as Seychelles represented by Mr. VG Somasekha (Airtel, 2014). As per recent studies dated 1st quarter of 2013, Airtel operates in 17 African states having a clientele pool of 63.7 million customers. References(2014). â€Å"Bharti airtel limited – Organization structure (India and South Asia).† Airtel. Retrieved from